| High School
P4.p1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (prerequisite)
Properties of solids, liquids, and gases are explained
by a model of matter that is composed of tiny particles
in motion. (prerequisite)
- Kinetic
Molecular Theory New
Gases are one of the most pervasive aspects of our
environment on the Earth. We continually exist with
constant exposure to gases of all forms. This site
explains how scientists classify gases according to
the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
- Kinetic
Molecular Theory New
The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the forces between
molecules and the energy that they possess. This theory
has 3 basic assumptions which are discussed at this
site.
- Kinetic
Molecular Theory New
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases begins with
five postulates that describe the behavior of molecules
in a gas. This site lists and explains these five
postulates.
- The
Kinetic Molecular Theory New
The experimental observations about the behavior of
gases discussed so far can be explained with a simple
theoretical model known as the kinetic molecular theory.
This site explains how the Kinetic Molecular Theory
explains the Gas Laws.
P4.p2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures (prerequisite)
Elements are a class of substances composed of a single
kind of atom. Compounds are composed of two or more
different elements chemically combined. Mixtures are
composed of two or more different elements and/or compounds
physically combined. Each element and compound has physical
and chemical properties, such as boiling point, density,
color, and conductivity, which are independent of the
amount of the sample. (prerequisite)
- Elements,
Compounds & Mixtures New
This site has microsopic views that illustrate the
differences between elements, compounds and mixtures.
- Elements,
Compounds, and Mixtures New
The site explains in a detailed way the differences
and characteristics of elements, compounds, mixtures
and much more.
- Elements,
Compounds and Mixtures New
This site explains the differences between pure substances
and mixtures and explains how you can identify the
differences.
- Elements,
Mixtures and Compounds New
The site shows pictures of some different particle
arrangements. Students are asked to choose the correct
letters in the boxes on the right. This site tests
student's understanding of their differences between
elements, mixtures, and compounds.
C4.1x Molecular and Empirical Formulae
Compounds have a fixed percent elemental composition.
For a compound, the empirical formula can be calculated
from the percent composition or the mass of each element.
To determine the molecular formula from the empirical
formula, the molar mass of the substance must also be
known.
- Determination
of Molecular and Empirical Formulas New
Outstanding This site is an interactive slide
show with links to many examples of different molecular
and empirical formulas. Numerous demonstration are
found that relates to the varous topics that are explained.
- Molecular
and Empirical Formulas New
The molecular formula shows you how many of each atom
can be found in a certain molecule. Some examples
of molecular formulas, that you are most likely familiar
with are found at this site
- Molecular
and Empirical Formulas New
Electronic encyclopedia entry explains the difference
between molecular and empirical formulas.
- Molecular
Formula - Definition New
The conventional form for writing a molecular formula
is to write the symbol for each element followed by
a subscript indicating the actual number of those
atoms present in a molecule. This site defines the
difference between a Molecular and Empirical Formula.
C4.2 Nomenclature
All compounds have unique names that are determined
systematically.
- Chemical
Nomenclature New
The site has a list of tutorials
which help students learn the rules in naming various
compounds for the chemical formula.
- Chemical
Nomenclature New
Chemists use specific rules and "conventions"
to name different compounds. This section is designed
to help you review some of those rules and conventions.
- NOMENCLATURE
New
One of the basic, most important tasks that a chemistry
student needs to master early on is that of Naming
Compounds and Writing Formulas. There are several
things that a student can do to make these tasks less
tedious.
C4.2x Nomenclature
All molecular and ionic compounds have unique names
that are determined systematically.
- Chemical
Nomenclature NewThe
site has a list of tutorials which help students learn
the rules in naming various compounds for the chemical
formula.
- Chemical
Nomenclature New
Chemists use specific rules and "conventions"
to name different compounds. This section is designed
to help you review some of those rules and conventions.
- NOMENCLATURE
New
One of the basic, most important tasks that a chemistry
student needs to master early on is that of Naming
Compounds and Writing Formulas. There are several
things that a student can do to make these tasks less
tedious.
C4.3 Properties of Substances
Differences in the physical and chemical properties
of substances are explained by the arrangement of the
atoms, ions, or molecules of the substances and by the
strength of the forces of attraction between the atoms,
ions, or molecules.
- The
Physical Properties of Molecular Substances New
This page describes how the physical properties of
substances having molecular structures varies.
- Properties
of Substances New
Every substance has a characteristic set of properties
- chemical and physical - by which it may be identified.
The identification of a substance's properties, and
the use of properties to characterize a new substance,
are a significant part of what chemists and other
scientists do.
C4.3x Solids
Solids can be classified as metallic, ionic, covalent,
or network covalent. These different types of solids
have different properties that depend on the particles
and forces found in the solid.
- Solids
New
Solids are particles which are packed orderly. There
are 3 main different types of solids.This site explains
these three different types.
- Solids
New
The molecules that make up solids are generally held
together by ionic or strong covalent bonding, and
the attractive forces between the atoms, ions, or
molecules in solids are very strong. The four types
of crystalline solids are discussed.
- Solid
Basics New
CHEM4KIDS has a section on the nature of solids that
explains the different types of chemical structures
of solids.
C4.4x Molecular Polarity
The forces between molecules depend on the net polarity
of the molecule as determined by shape of the molecule
and the polarity of the bonds.
- Bond
and Molecular Polarity New
This site has nice animations of how different types
of chemical bonds result in different types of polarity
for the resulting molecules.
- Molecular
Polarity New
For the most part, there is a direct correlation between
the polarity of a molecule and number and types of
polar or non-polar covalent bonds which are present.
This site compares polar, ionic and non-polar bonding.
- Predicting
Molecular Polarity New
This site explains the general steps the student would
use to determine the molecular polarity of a molecule.
Numerous examples and solutions are given for various
molecules.
C4.5x Ideal Gas Law
The forces in gases are explained by the ideal gas law.
- Ideal
Gas Law New
This site from ChemiCool has a formula that can be
used to select which variable you want to solve for:
Pressure, Volume, Moles, or Temperature.
- Ideal
Gas Law New
An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables:
absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature
(T). The relationship between them may be deduced
from kinetic theory.
C4.6x Moles
The mole is the standard unit for counting atomic and
molecular particles in terms of common mass units.
- The
Mole - Its History and Use New
The site does a nice job of explaining why scientist
use the Mole as a standard unit for counting atomic
and molecular particles in terms of common mass units.
C4.7x Solutions
The physical properties of a solution are determined
by the concentration of solute.
- SOLUTIONS
New
Everything you need to know about solutions is found
at this site. Just click the links and they will answer
your questions about the nature of a solution.
C4.8 Atomic Structure
Electrons, protons, and neutrons are parts of the atom
and have measurable properties, including mass and,
in the case of protons and electrons, charge. The nuclei
of atoms are composed of protons and neutrons. A kind
of force that is only evident at nuclear distances holds
the particles of the nucleus together against the electrical
repulsion between the protons.
- All
Periodic Tables New
Different language lists (English, Spanish, German,
French) of the Periodic Table elements in chronological
order by atomic number
- Atomic
Structure and the Periodic Table
This site describes the structure of an
atom and identifies properties of common families
of elements found on the periodic table.
- BBCi
World Service New
This site includes information about elements, atoms
and the periodic table.
- Bohr's
Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
This is an interactive site model of Bohr's atom showing
the various energy levels.
- Chem4kids
- Atoms
This page has links to the atomic structure that has
a simple discussion of the sub-atomic particles of
an atom, their charges, shells, orbitals, quantum
theory and Niels Bohr. Links for "ions" and "compounds"
can also be found on their site.
- General
Organic and Biochemistry
Outstanding - This
is a general chemistry site. Links to specific benchmark
sites are accessed from this page. Go to the left
frame and click on "Atoms & Molecules". This takes
you to some slides that discuss the particles of an
atom, their charges and mass. There is a summary of
the material, a glossary and a practice exam are found
at the end of this link.
- HANGatomMAN!
New
Hangman with the elements…The computer will
randomly pick the name of an element and provide a
clue. Guess letters to find the element name, but
be careful! Each incorrect letter you guess causes
Atom Man to decay. Find the element's name before
the Atom Man decays completely! At the end of the
game, learn more about the element and its characteristics.
- It's
Elemental - Element Flash Cards! New
The computer
will test your knowledge of the elements and, depending
on the selections you make, you will have to supply
the element's chemical name (spelled correctly), chemical
symbol or atomic number. Would you like to practice
only some of the elements? If so, press the 'More
options, please!' button and you will be able to select
whichever elements you desire to work on!
- Jefferson
Labs - All About Atoms
- Outstanding.
What are atoms? (Jefferson Labs). This web site
is an interactive on-line slide show presentation
regarding the basic structure of the atom. Comparisons
between neutrons, protons, and electrons are graphically
detailed with brief descriptions and factual data.
- Fear
of Physics - What is an atom?
This site lets the student look at an atom and
describes the nucleus, electron It also allows students
to see its orbit.
- Fermilab
This site explains and updates the new basic particles
of matter and more.
- Funbrain.com
A game for students to identify symbols for a given
lesser known element.
- Structure
of the Atom - Matter & Energy
This site describes all aspects of the atom. It describes
the different atomic theories and shows pictures of
atomic obitals for better visualization.
- The
Particle Adventure
Great site on the history of atomic structure. Includes
animations, questions, and quizzes for the student
to work on. Very informative.
- Tom
Lehrer's Song of the Elements - Flashimation New
Tom Lehrer's Song of the Elements (music by Sir Arthur
Sullivan, words by Dimitri Mendeleyev and friends)
put to animation
C4.8x Electron Configuration
Electrons are arranged in main energy levels with sublevels
that specify particular shapes and geometry. Orbitals
represent a region of space in which an electron may
be found with a high level of probability. Each defined
orbital can hold two electrons, each with a specific
spin orientation. The specific assignment of an electron
to an orbital is determined by a set of 4 quantum numbers.
Each element and, therefore, each position in the periodic
table is defined by a unique set of quantum numbers.
- Applet:
Electron Configurations New
Use this applet to explore in which order the atomic
shells are filled with electrons.
- Chem4kids
- Atoms
This page has links to the atomic structure that has
a simple discussion of the sub-atomic particles of
an atom, their charges, shells, orbitals, quantum
theory and Niels Bohr. Links for "ions" and "compounds"
can also be found on their site.
- Electron
Configuration New
The electron configuration of an atom is a form of
notation which shows how the electrons are distributed
among the various atomic orbital and energy levels.This
site gives examples of how to write the electron configuration
of varous atoms.
- Electronic
Structure of Atoms New
Each electron in an atom is described by four different
quantum numbers. Three of these quantum numbers (n,
l, and m) represent the three dimensions to space
in which an electron could be found.
C4.9 Periodic Table
In the periodic table, elements are arranged in order
of increasing number of protons (called the atomic number).
Vertical groups in the periodic table (families) have
similar physical and chemical properties due to the
same outer electron structures.
- Atomic
Structure and the Periodic Table
Outstanding
- This site describes the structure of an atom and
identifies properties of common families of elements
found on the periodic table.
- Chemsoc
New
A stunning visual representation of the periodic table
- who knew that chemistry could look so good?
- Chem4kids
- Elements
A discussion of the periodic table with a hyperlink
to the periodic table section that discusses what
the "rows" or periods and "columns" or groups are.
The first three rows of the periodic table, on this
page, can be clicked on to find out more information
about the element.
- General,
Organic and Biochemistry
This is a general chemistry site. Links to specific
benchmark sites are accessed from this page. Go to
the left frame and click on "Periodic Properties".
This takes you to some slides that discuss the families
and periods of the table. It also discusses metals,
non-metals and semi-conductors. There is a summary
of the material, a glossary and a practice exam found
at the end of this link.
- It's
Elemental - Element Math Game! New
The computer
will randomly pick an element and present you with
that element's data from the Periodic Table of Elements.
Use that information to answer the question that the
computer asks about the number of protons, neutrons,
electrons or nucleons (particles in the nucleus) that
an atom of that element contains.
- Periodic
Table of Elements - Crystal Structures
This site sorts the elements of the Periodic Table
by their crystal structures. Each element has
information in the following categories: atomic structure,
chemical and physical properties, and discovery.
There are also links to a dictionary for better understanding
of terms.
- Periodic
Properties of Elements
Outstanding Excellent
site that shows your students how elements have recurring
patterns. Moving on through the tutorial will give
them chances to find out why, by looking at atomic
structure as well as an interactive Perioic Table.
- Periodic
Table of the Elements New
Interactive Periodic Table complete with pictures,
descriptions, sources, compounds, uses, forms and
isotopes for each element.
- Thinkwell
Interactive Periodic Table New
Interactive Periodic Table that allows one to manipulate
the colorcoding of the table according to metal/nonmetal,
electron configeration, and standard state. Also shows
trends in atomic radius, ionic radius and electronegativity.
Contains a formula calculator and a "test yourself"
section that you can interact with.
- Visual
Elements Periodic Table
Site can be viewed using flash or html. Periodic table
is interactive with pictures and movies of 109 elements.
Lots of traditional information, but cool stuff too!
- Web
Elements
Good periodic table site. Atomic number and mass are
identified on the table. Students can click any element
and read comprehensive description of th element.
Description includes physical properties, uses, abundance
in nature, etc.
C4.9x Electron Energy Levels
The rows in the periodic table represent the main electron
energy levels of the atom. Within each main energy level
are sublevels that represent an orbital shape and orientation.
- Doc
Brown's Chemistry Clinic New
GCSE notes on Atomic Structure, Isotopes, Periodic
Table and Electronic Structure of Atoms are found
at this site.
- Energy
Levels New
Lively applets animate Bohr's atom and lead to the
modern idea of the energy level atom.
- How
do I read an electron configuration table? New
An electron configuration table is a type of code
that describes how many electrons are in each energy
level of an atom and how the electrons are arranged
within each energy level.
- How
many electrons fit in each shell around an atom?
New The maximum number
of electrons that can occupy a specific energy level
can be found using the following formula: Electron
Capacity = 2n2
C4.10 Neutral Atoms, Ions, and Isotopes
A neutral atom of any element will contain the same
number of protons and electrons. Ions are charged particles
with an unequal number of protons and electrons. Isotopes
are atoms of the same element with different numbers
of neutrons and essentially the same chemical and physical
properties.
- Calculating
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons of Ions, Isotopes,
and Neutral Atoms New
This site has a nice table that takes a number of
common elements and shows how the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons determine if an element is
neutral atom, or an Ion or Isotope.
- Ions,
Isotopes and Electron Shells New
Normally, atoms contain equal numbers of protons and
electrons. Because the positive and negative charges
cancel each other out, atoms are normally electrically
neutral. When the number of electrons changes in an
atom, the electrical charge changes. This site explains
the nature of Ions, and Isotopes.
C4.10x Average Atomic Mass
The atomic mass listed on the periodic table is an average
mass for all the different isotopes that exist, taking
into account the percent and mass of each different
isotope.
- Chemistry:
Average Atomic Mass New
To find the AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS of an atom, we take
into account all of the isotopes that exist and the
percentage of each type. The calculation of the average
atomic mass is a WEIGHTED AVERAGE. This site gives
examples of how to determine the average atomic mass
of various atoms.
- How
to Calculate an Average Atomic Weight New
This site gives problems for student to solve in determining
the average atomic weight of carbon, nitrogen, chlorine
and silicon. In addition, a number of additional sample
problems is provided.
- Rutherford's
Gold Foil Experiment
Interactive applet to show the basic principle
of the discovery of the nucleus by Rutherford's gold
foil experiement. It also helps imply the relative
masses in the atom, even though the scale is poorly
illustrated.
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